However, according to the detailed review of the literature on the subject, there are few studies that consider the role of renewable energy consumption, and even fewer, the non-renewable energy price on the forest area, in countries with different income levels, by using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model approach, so this constitutes one of the main novelties of the study. As for Tanner and Johnston, they examine the effect of renewable energy on deforestation in 158 countries. examine the effect of economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness and population density on deforestation in Pakistan. Since then, an endless number of studies have examined the determinants of deforestation worldwide. establish that economic activity expansion is one of the main factors associated with deforestation. In this regard, from the 1970s on, the study of the determinants of deforestation takes on great relevance. On the other hand, the increase in the consumption of renewable energy is constituted as one of the main elements to achieve environmental sustainability and conservation of ecosystems. In addition, it has the support and experience of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), in 2008, the project called “United Nations Programme UNO-REDD, UNJP/ECU/083/ UNJ” was launched, which emerges as a need to reduce deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in developing countries. In response to this problem, world organisations generated projects to mitigate environmental degradation. In contrast, in countries like Brazil, the Congo or Bolivia, deforestation is advancing at alarming rates, due to commercial logging of trees and the use of land for agriculture. In developed countries, such as Spain, Greece, or Italy, the forest area has registered increases of 9%, 6% and 6%, respectively, since 1990, which is due to government subsidies. In addition, the WEF mentions that deforestation is affected differently depending on the income level of countries. Therefore, those responsible for making economic policies must aim their measures towards the use of clean energy. Growth in renewable energy consumption is one of the main drivers for preserving the forest area. The research does not show evidence about the equilibrium relationship in the short term. An increase in the consumption of renewable energy is associated with an increase between 0.04 and 0.02 square kilometres of forest cover, respectively. When the forest area is not at its equilibrium level, the speed of adjustment is slow (0.44% and 8.7%), which is typical of the nature of this natural resource. The results justify the existence of a joint long-term relationship between the variables analysed for the middle-income countries and low-income countries. Based on data obtained from World Development Indicators, the autoregressive distributed lag model, with a time series, is used to examine the long-term cointegration relationship between the variables. This research examines the causal link between renewable energy consumption, GDP, GDP 2, non-renewable energy price, population growth and forest area in high, middle- and low-income countries. Deforestation shows the constant environmental degradation that occurs worldwide as a result of the growth of economic activity and the increase in population.
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